When vitamin K is given IV, it should be administered by slow infusion to minimize risk of anaphylaxis.Īnswer B is incorrect because the reversal agent for dabigatran is idarucizumab (Praxbind). Normally, it is given when INR is > 10 and/or significant bleeding is present. Thresholds, long lasting effects of DZ in vivo and sex-specific sensitivities in chemically induced aneuploidy of mammalian germ cells are critically evaluated.Which of the following correctly matches the drug with its antidote/reversal agent? Select all that apply.īecause warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, phytonadione (vitamin K) can be given as an antidote, making answer A correct. Data suggest that DZ exposes mammalian oocytes to predivision and aneuploidy. Blocks in maturation may also relate to binding of DZ to calmodulin. DZ disturbed the spatio-temporal distribution of mitochondria during oocyte maturation, possibly by binding to peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors on mitochondria, thus affecting the availability of ATP and calcium homeostasis. Precocious chiasma resolution and equational segregation of chromatids from functional univalents in first anaphase (predivision) may be responsible for this condition, a mechanism also discussed in the aetiology of maternal age-related aneuploidy. Some DZ-treated oocytes progressing to meiosis II exhibited one or multiple single chromatids. A significant fraction of meiotically delayed, metaphase I-blocked oocytes exposed to 25 microg/ml DZ contained univalents. Concomitantly, DZ induced spindle aberrations and displacement of chromosomes from the equator, but unlike in mitosis and in male meiosis most oocytes still possessed bipolar spindles. Hyperploidy was slightly increased in oocytes matured in the presence of 5 microg/ml DZ and became significantly elevated in oocytes matured with 25 microg/ml DZ, relative to controls. A concentration of 25 microg/ml DZ induced a pronounced delay in maturation and blocked a high percentage of oocytes in meiosis I. Spindle formation and cell cycle progression, the behaviour of chromosomes and the distribution of mitochondria were characterized with respect to induction of numerical chromosomal aberrations. In order to assess its aneugenic potential in mammalian oogenesis we exposed in vitro maturing mouse oocytes to the drug. The tranquilizer and anti-convulsant diazepam (DZ) is a suspected aneugen.

Diazepam antidote